Current Density of metal..

How to Find the current density of metal layer?

Margin between short channel and long channel MOSFETs

For values of channel length, MOSFET falls into short channel category?

Importance of top metal layer

Do you know the reason??
Why the top metal layer is wider than other lower metals in semiconductor process?
-->
      Top Metal Layers (like M7 , M8 , M9 , ...) are made Wider to reduce the Resistance.

But,why only top metal is wide??

If M1,M2,M3,M4,M5 are also wide, All metal would have low resistance?
          Lower metals are kept for nets connection that are not conducting heavy current. Top metals are for carrying heavy currents like clock,vdd,vss etc. If we have wider metals in lower levels , we will face issues due to heavy capacitve effects of wide metals. And increasing metal width will increase the area of the cell due to the requirement of more routing area.

"High-k" The next generation transistor materials.

Have a look at the Intel's new reseach.

http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/high-k.htm

Usefull Linux commands

1.copy a file from source location to destination:

cp source destination:

Ex: cp /root/qwertyt/doc.ppt  /root/qwertyt/test2

2.Lists the files in the present directory

ls

3.Lists the last few files created
ll -lrt 

4.Change Directory

cd

Ex: cd test2

5.Make Directory:

 mkdir

6.Remove file :

rm -rf filename

7.Change access permissions 

chmod -Rf 755 directory

8.Displays first n lines

head -n

Ex: head -5 test5 9.Displays last n linestail -n

Ex: tail -5 test5 

10.Print Working Directory:

pwd 

11.cat:

Display the contents of a file

12.Clear terminal screen:

clear

13.Compare two files: 

cmp 

14.Display or change the date & time:date 

15.Display the differences between two files:

diff

16.Exit the shell:

exit

17.Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern:

grep

18.Print user and group id's;

id

19.List active jobs:

jobs 

20.Stop a process from running:

kill

21.Help manual:

man

22.Rename files;

rename

23.Reverse lines of a file:

rev

24.create a new file:

touch